Just a little Q and A

_ What are the advantages of a multiple column grid.?
There are more variations available to the designer. The grid establishes a base for organization and a functional design. Don't have to be rigid, have flexibility. With 12 columns can change column width. Can group things.
_ How many characters is optimal for a line length? words per line?
45-75 characters per line. 66- Character line (counting both letters and spaces) is ideal. For multiple column work, a better average is 40-50 characters. Change type size to adjust characters per line. When use long column width need more leading to help readability.
_ Why is the baseline grid used in design?
in InDesign it is a 12 pt baseline grid. Text can be locked to baseline grid. Causes everything to align across the spread. Only choices are 12 pt, 24 pt 36 pt options. If want something between need to adjust it (Indesign-preferences-grid) It is to make things lock and align. It creates unity through a publication.
_ What is a typographic river?
In a paragraph, when there are spaces that line up to make a path of awkward blanks in the text. They happen only when using justified text and when there are not enough characters per line. Adjust justification table, make type larger or smaller.
_ From the readings what does clothesline or flow line mean?
A line in the layout that leads your eye through the page. Where elements align across the spread. Not everything has to share but one or two things need to.
_ How can you incorporate white space into your designs?
Primarily by using the grid but also by grouping elements together separated by white space, leaving open spaces on the edges. White space opens layouts and guides the eye but can also be a distraction if there is too much. Use less text. Keep it to the outsides, don't trap.

_ What is type color/texture mean?
The density of text. Things will look more grey if more space, darker if more solid.
_ What is x-height, how does it effect type color?
It’s the height of the lowercase x it fluctuates depending on the typeface. The taller it is the darker the type color because it takes up more space on the page.
_ In justification or H&J terms what do the numbers: minimum, optimum, maximum mean?
The amount of space between words. Minimum being the least possible, optimum is the idea and maximum being more than needed. select text, under justification change it to something smaller. this will help get rid of rivers.
_ What are some ways to indicate a new paragraph. Are there any rules?
There are multiple ways such as a break, a bullet, a tab, hanging indent, an ornament, size contrast, color, width, italic….A rule is to not indent the first paragraph.
_ What are some things to look out for when hyphenating text.
Make sure it is clear which are hyphens and which are dashes needed there. Don’t do too many in a row, Don’t hyphenate a heading,
_ What is a literature?
letters like fi or ff that are combined to make one letter.
_ What does CMYK and RGB mean?
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black. CMYK is subtractive mixing while Red, Green Blue are additive mixing.
_ What does hanging punctuation mean?
Punctuation set so that it does not break the flow of text. Done to quotation marks, question marks, bullets, hyphens and other elements. If have a quote, go to type-story-check box and it will automatically hang text in Indesign.
_ What is the difference between a foot mark and an apostrophe?
Foot marks is a single vertical mark. Apostrophe is a single quotation mark (’)
_ What is the difference between an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)?
An inch mark is two vertical marks, A quote mark is two apostrophes angled in or out depending on if at the beginning or end of text.
_ What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used.
A hyphen is used to show a break in a word that continues on the next line, it is one third of an em dash. An en dash (half of em dash, width of upper case N) is used for amounts of time such as writing the date. Em dashes (width of a capital M) are used to show a shift in thought, between a period and a comma.
_ What are ligatures, why are they used, when are they not used, what are common ligatures
Ligatures incorporate two plus letters that might touch or interfere with each other. They are not used in all typefaces but help to keep a typeface uniform.